04 Without considering the early modern creation of “China” in Europe, Zhang (1977), the leading scholar on the history of communication between “Zhongguo” and the West in the 20th century, …

Zhang Guoshuo has proposed five interpretations of zhongguo, namely, zhongguo in the geographical sense, zhongguo in the sense of a capital city, zhongguo in the sense of a tribal civilization, …

In the course of this discussion of the formation of the idea of “Zhongguo” and its twists and transformations in Japan and Taiwan, we found that “Zhongguo” or “Chineseness” in fact is not a …

The concepts of the central state or states (zhongguo) and of a world-system based on universal values (tianxia) are useful additions to our terminological toolkit for understanding the world.

The name "Zhongguo" is often translated as "Middle Kingdom," a name that seemstoimply that the Chinese believed their empire was the geographic center of the world.

Resource Materials for Chinese Intellectual History(Zhongguo sixiangshi can- kao ziliao), and in 1936 Chen Zhongfan (1888–1982) was also planning with Cai Shangsi (1905–2008) to write A History of …

“Zhongguo xiangcun zhili zhi chuantong xingshi: Hebei sheng Huailu xian zhi shili” (The pattern of rural governance in traditional China: the case of Huailu county, Hebei province).