Introduction The relationship between LDL cholesterol levels and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is complex and non-linear. Recent studies suggest that achieving low LDL levels doesn’t ...

Introduction Permanent pacemaker implantation is a common procedure to manage various cardiac rhythm disorders. Understanding the prevalence and the short- and long-term outcomes associated with ...

Introduction Typical angina pain characterised by central chest pain, which is associated with autonomic symptoms, is commonly associated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, a detailed ...

Introduction Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. World Health Organization (WHO) stated that hypertension affects 1.28 billion of the population globally, with high ...

Introduction Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects diagnosed in adulthood. Diagnosis is made by echocardiogram; however, this procedure is not widely available, ...

Introduction Heart attack, a worldwide phenomenon, remains one of the leading causes of mortality among adults. In Malaysia, it accounts for 17.0% out of 109,155 medically confirmed deaths. This ...

Introduction The giant left atrium (GLA) is a rare, yet significant clinical finding often associated with long-standing rheumatic mitral valve disease. It is characterized by a left atrium sized ...

Introduction Thrombolytic therapy using streptokinase has been widely used for acute myocardial infarction to achieve recanalization in infarct related artery. Bleeding into critical organ and space ...

Introduction Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs are essential for the recovery and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Despite the proven benefits of such programs, participation and ...

Introduction Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC) is a pattern seen on daily basis in ECGs which always puts physicians in a dilemma what and when to intervene. PVCs tend to occur in minority of ...

Introduction Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) represents approximately 8% of congenital heart disease cases. Long-standing aorto-pulmonary shunting in PDA can lead to pulmonary hypertension and left ...

Introduction Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) remains a leading cause of global cardiovascular mortality, responsible for 80% of related deaths. Lowering low-density lipoprotein ...