Although type 1 inflammation and CD8 + T cell activation are considered central to the inflammatory pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the relationship between blood ...

The increased levels indicate a relative peripheral erythropoietin resistance in COPD. This is similar to other diseases and fits into the pathophysiology of anemia in chronic disease. The ...

The current pathophysiology of COPD encompasses three main characteristics: emphysema, chronic bronchitis and small airway disease. Macrophages and neutrophils are implicated in this process ...