The vertebral artery is divided into four segments (V1–V4; Figure 1). The V1 segment originates at the subclavian artery and extends to the transverse foramina of either the fifth or sixth ...

Vertebral artery dissection caused by swinging a golf ... A-b, The VA stays straight in the transverse foramens as long as the position of the head and the body are straight.

Owing to the improvement in BMT after completion of initial CEA and some of the CAS trials, the SPACE-2 (Stent Protected Angioplasty in Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis vs Endarterectomy) trial ...