DISTURBANCES of eye movements frequently confront the physician with puzzling diagnostic problems. First of all, the examiner must determine whether the abnormal function of eye muscles is the resu ...

Of the CNs, CN IV, the trochlear nerve, has the longest pathway inside the skull. It innervates the superior oblique eye muscle which is primarily responsible for pulling the eye inward towards ...

The processing of optical information in the retina of the eye, where the light-sensitive photoreceptors and the first nerve ...

Eye movements demonstrating left superior oblique underaction on right gaze simulating inferior oblique overaction. Notice that tumour bulk effectively occludes left eye on right gaze.

The optic nerve is located in the back of the eye. It is also called the second cranial nerve or cranial nerve II. It is the second of several pairs of cranial nerves.

Reflexive compensatory eye movements are generated to stabilize retinal images during head motion. The peripheral vestibular apparatus (or labyrinth) consists of the semicircular canals that ...