PID loops are a central component of modulating boiler control systems with applications ranging from basic steam header pressure control to cascading 3-element drum level control. A modern ...

For those new to fields like robotics or aerospace, it can seem at first glance that a problem like moving a robot arm or flying an RC airplane might be simple problems to solve. It turns out, however ...

In the latest edition of the Ask the Automation Pros column, the pros share strategies for enhancing control system ...

Self-regulating systems with feedback loops, i.e., the routing back of the output of a system to its input, have existed since antiquity and have since become an integral part of modern technology.

In the nearly 40 years since electronic control systems first became common features of industrial machines, controls theory has necessarily evolved to keep pace with machine design. Early on, systems ...

Industrial AI operates in the physical world. A compressor has a real operating envelope. A distillation column has hydraulic and thermodynamic limits. A reactor has temperature and pressure ...

Due to continual exposure to high temperatures, high humidity and large amounts of dust, PID (Potential Induced Degradation) is unavoidable for PV modules and research indicates that permanent PID ...