Many medium-sized industrial countries, and developing and transition economies ... Intermediate proposals include target zones, a quasi-fixed exchange rate regime among the major currencies to be ...

Under fixed exchange rates, by contrast ... Focusing on a large panel of countries—including advanced, emerging market, and developing economies—Ghosh, Qureshi, and Tsangarides (2013) also find that ...

Any change in the official exchange rate is made by the monetary authority of the country in-consultation with the IMF. In practice, however, most countries adopt a dual system: a fixed exchange ...

The IMF became operational, acting as a supranational body to promote global monetary cooperation and provide loans to developing ... exchange rate system that survives to this day. Countries around ...

a unit that specializes in encouraging private investment in developing countries. Despite the end of the fixed exchange rate regime and the Bretton Woods system in the 1970s, the institutions ...

The IMF helped to supervise the fixed exchange rate regime and to shore up countries’ reserves if ... it has helped developing nations with their economies.