Informal Mining in South Africa Is Here to Stay. Police Brutality Won't End It - Here's What Will [analysis]
In mid-January 2024 over 1,000 hunger-weakened miners exited two abandoned mine shafts in Stilfontein, near Johannesburg in South Africa. They had been starved out by the police in Operation Vala Umgodi -- meaning "plug the hole" - which had cut off food and water in an effort to "smoke out" a shadow workforce.